Kernel rootkits and countermeasures
The Spy Within
Rootkits allow attackers to take complete control of a computer. We describe the tricks intruders use to gain access to the Linux kernel and provide guidelines on hardening the kernel against such attacks.
In response to a question asked in parliament, the German Federal Government responded in May 2012 that it was able to decrypt PGP messages or SSH connections, at least partially. Experts were exasperated when they heard this. No one seriously believed that PGP encryption had been cracked. More likely, data is sniffed before encryption or after decryption, or the secret service possesses the private key and, possibly, the associated password. Germany’s “Federal Trojan” can infiltrate the kernel as a rootkit for this purpose.
Classically, the term “rootkit” refers to a piece of software that gives an attacker camouflaged access to, and thus control over, a machine. Userland rootkits tend to modify applications to do this. In comparison, the much more powerful kernel rootkits change kernel data structures and code – for example, through system call hijacking.