Pi FM Radio

FM radio projects that use chipsets with a low-level Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) interface, like the RDA5807M and TEA5767, can work, but I found that both solutions have some drawbacks. The RDA5807M chip is poorly documented, with only Arduino C libraries, and the TEA5767 chip has no volume control.

Software-defined radio (SDR) offers a higher level interface that allows access to mixers, filters, amplifiers, modulators/demodulators, and detectors on the hardware. A wide range of hardware supports SDR, and the RTL-SDR [1] USB dongles based on the RTL2832U chipsets are well-priced at $10-$15.

SDRs have a large list of supported applications; some of the cooler projects include tracking airplanes, free-to-air TV, and monitoring satellite data.

Getting Started

To install the basic software, enter:

sudo apt-get install rtl-sdr

For my tests, I used a basic Raspberry Pi 1 Model B, but I also tested it on the Rasp Pi versions 2 and 3 and on an old, low-end PC running Lubuntu.

An important difference between the RTL-SDR dongle and an FM tuner module is that the FM tuner module needs the speakers to be directly connected to the tuner module. When you are using the RTL-SDR dongle, the audio is generated on the Raspberry Pi (or PC), so you will use the sound output of your computer. For my Raspberry PI setup, I used powered speakers (Figure 1), and for my laptop testing I used the internal speakers in the laptop.

Figure 1: FM radio hardware setup.

The RTL-SDR dongle includes an externally connected antenna; if possible, you should try to place this antenna close to a window.

The rtl_fm command-line utility is an FM demodulator that is used to read and sample a selected frequency. If you are looking to do more serious applications, see the GNU Radio Project [2].

A number of options can be passed to rtl_fm; the key ones are the frequency (-f), the sample rate (-s), and the output rate (-r). The output of rtl_fm needs to be directed to an audio player program. I used aplay, which is a command-line Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA) player, but other players could be used. I matched the sample rate (-r) for aplay with the rtl_fm output sampling rate and used the 16-bit little-endian (S16_LE) aplay sample format (-f).

The syntax with the options required to play an FM radio station at 107.9MHz is as follows:

rtl_fm -f 107.9e6 -s 200000 -r 48000 | aplay -r 48000 -f S16_LE

The rtl_fm application needs to be stopped when you want to play a new radio station. If rtl_fm is running in the background, the ps command can be used to find process IDs. The kill command can then be used to terminate the task. An example of finding and terminating the rtl_fm task is:

pi@raspberrypi:~ $ ps -e | grep rtl_fm
 1709 pts/0    00:00:33 rtl_fm
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ kill 1709
pi@raspberrypi:~ $ ps -e | grep rtl_fm
pi@raspberrypi:~ $

Adjusting the Volume

For Raspberry Pi applications, you can force the audio connections to use either the HDMI port or the phone jack on the Pi in raspi-config by selecting the Advanced menu option and then Audio (Figure 2).

Figure 2: raspi-config Advanced | Audio option.

You have a few ways to adjust the audio volume. One method is to use the amixer utility. To change the audio output volume on the Pi (or laptop) speakers, the Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) device is addressed. An example using amixer to set the volume to 70 percent would be:

amixer sset "PCM" 70%

Python Test Program

For my basic testing, I created a simple Python command-line application that I could run on both my Raspberry Pi and on my old laptop running Lubuntu (Figure 3).

Figure 3: RTL-SDR dongle on a Lubuntu laptop.

A few Python libraries were used, including the subprocess library to launch rtl_fm and return a process ID, the os library to kill a process, and the time library to add a delay (sleep), so the rtl_fm task was given enough time to shut down cleanly before restarting.

A newstation() function was created to stop a running rtl_fm FM station and then restart it with a new FM station frequency, and a setvolume() function was created to pass new volume settings to amixer.

To run the test program (Listing 1) [3], I entered the command,

$ python FM_radio.py
Simple FM radio test program

which then accepts a volume level as a percentage (e.g., 50%) or a radio station frequency (e.g., 107.9).

Raspberry Pi FM Radio

For the Pi FM radio project in this article, I tried a few different arrangements, but I found that an LCD HAT (hardware attached on top) with buttons (Figure 4) worked best. However, other options such as a PiFace digital HAT (Figure 5) or a button HAT could also be used.

Figure 4: LCD FM radio control.

Figure 5: PiFace FM radio control.

The LCD Python libraries will vary according to the hardware used; however, most LCD HATs are based on the Adafruit libraries [4].

The Python code for the LCD HAT (Listing 2) is based on the simple test code with some additional logic for an LCD button interface and some predefined radio frequencies. The main code loops through, looking at each of the buttons with the lcd.is_pressed() function. The LCD.UP and LCD.DOWN buttons are used for volume control, and the LCD.LEFT and LCD.RIGHT buttons cycle through the predefined radio stations. The lcd.clear() and lcd.message() functions show the new radio station information on the LCD HAT. In my testing, I used a 0.25-second delay on all the button presses, although you might need to tune this value for your hardware and usage.

Summary

Creating a homemade FM radio is just one of the many interesting applications for SDR utilities and the low-cost RTL-SDR dongle [5]. In the future, I would like to add a Python Tkinter or web interface to my FM radio application.