Graphic display of portfolio stock values

Sketching Curves

Author(s): Michael Schilli

We'll show you a Perl script that helps you draw area graphs to keep track of your portfolio's performance.

When it comes to wealth management, the performance of a single stock in your portfolio is less important than the overall performance. Although online financial services might give you neat graphs of share price developments for individual stocks, or even a comparison of two values, they do not offer you a tool that lets you monitor the share price development of your complete portfolio at a glance. A Perl script changes this.

Figure 1 shows the configuration file (pofo1.txt) for a portfolio in a text editor. Each line starts with a date in ISO notation followed by the transaction type – a purchase (in) or a sale (out) – of an individual share, the ticker symbol, and the number of shares. The file also can handle cash transactions; instead of the ticker symbol, you see the word cash.

Figure 1: An investor puts a total of US$ 20,000 into their portfolio in January 2007 (line 1) and uses the money to purchase a mix of Internet shares (the following four lines).

To keep portfolio management from becoming a tedious typing session, the script automatically calculates the costs and returns of share transactions at the current rate and modifies the cash balance. The program does not take charges into account, instead, it relies on the user adjusting the balance every now and then manually by using a cash entry and a chk transaction.

The balance of the portfolio in Figure 1 is exactly US$ 20,000 on January 1, 2007. Nine days later, the owner has acquired 50 Amazon shares, 20 IBM shares, 10 Google shares, and 200 Motorola shares at the applicable daily rates. The investor doesn't touch the portfolio for the rest of the year. The graph in Figure 3 shows how these four stocks have developed. While the Amazon and Google shares made considerable gains, Motorola performed poorly, affecting the performance of the portfolio as a whole at year end. All told, the portfolio was up slightly.

Figure 3: The diagram created by the Perl script from the data shown in

Meanwhile, the portfolio owner in Figure 2 invested US$ 20,000 and immediately spent the money on 200 CVS (the drugstore) shares. A week later, the investor bought 150 Amazon shares, which were sold again four months later. In September, the investor predicted a rise in the Google share price and invested in 30 shares.

Figure 2: The investor swaps the items in their portfolio several times a year. Purchases are indicated by an "in" action and sales by an "out" action.

The graph in Figure 4 shows a far higher return and also shows that the stack of share price graphs can cause confusion. The order in which the stocks are shown stays the same, but with some jumps on days in which the portfolio owner buys or sells shares. Also note the pink area at the bottom of the graph that represents the cash balance.

Figure 4: The portfolio owner with the transaction data of

The portfolio graphs for both investors (Figures 3 and 4) were created by the pofo Perl script (Listing 2), which retrieves the buying and selling data of shares from a configuration file.

Later in this article, I will describe how the script works. The input files are shown in Figures 1 and 2. The script expects the configuration file as command-line parameter. Calling pofo pofo1.txt outputs an image file named positions.png with the graphs after a computation that can take up to several minutes if many different stock or long time frames need to be calculated.

Listing 2

pofo

001 #!/usr/bin/perl -w
002 #############################
003 # pofo - draw a stacked
004 #        portfolio graph
005 # Mike Schilli, 2008
006 # (m@perlmeister.com)
007 #############################
008 use strict;
009 use CachedQuote;
010 use DateTime;
011 use RRDTool::OO;
012 use Log::Log4perl qw(:easy);
013 # Log::Log4perl->easy_init(
014  $DEBUG);
015
016 my @colors =
017   qw(f35b78 e80707 7607e8
018   0a5316 073f6f 59b0fb);
019 my $cq = CachedQuote->new();
020
021 my ($cfg_file) = @ARGV;
022 die "usage: $0 cfgfile"
023   unless $cfg_file;
024
025 my @symbols;
026 my $acts =
027   cfg_read($cfg_file,
028            \@symbols);
029 my %pos = ();
030
031 my $end = DateTime->today();
032 my $start =
033   $end->clone->subtract(
034  years => 2);
035
036 for
037   my $act (sort keys %$acts)
038 {
039  next
040    if $acts->{$act}->[0]->[0]
041    >= $start;
042  pos_add(\%pos, $_)
043    for @{ $acts->{$act} };
044 }
045
046 my $counter = 0;
047 my %symbol_colors;
048 for (@symbols) {
049  my $idx =
050    ($counter++ % @colors);
051  $symbol_colors{$_} =
052    $colors[$idx];
053 }
054
055 unlink my $rrdfile =
056   "holdings.rrd";
057 my $rrd =
058   RRDTool::OO->new(
059  file => $rrdfile,);
060
061 $rrd->create(
062  step  => 24 * 3600,
063  start => $start->epoch() -
064    1,
065  map({
066    (
067     data_source => {
068      name => $_,
069      type => "GAUGE",
070     },
071    )
072   } @symbols),
073  archive => {
074   rows  => 5000,
075   cfunc => "MAX"
076  }
077 );
078
079 for ( my $dt = $start->clone;
080  $dt <= $end;
081  $dt->add(days => 1)) {
082
083  if (exists $acts->{$dt}) {
084   pos_add(\%pos, $_)
085     for @{ $acts->{$dt} };
086  }
087
088  my %parts = ();
089  my $total =
090    sum_up(\%pos, $dt,
091   \%parts);
092  INFO
093 "*** TOTAL *** = $total\n";
094
095  $rrd->update(
096   time   => $dt->epoch(),
097   values => \%parts,
098    )
099    if scalar keys %parts;
100 }
101
102 $rrd->graph(
103  width       => 800,
104  height      => 600,
105  lower_limit => 0,
106  image => "positions.png",
107  vertical_label =>
108    "Positions",
109  start => $start->epoch(),
110  end   => $end->epoch(),
111  map {
112   (
113    draw => {
114     type   => "stack",
115     dsname => $_,
116     color  =>
117       $symbol_colors{$_},
118     legend => $_,
119    }
120     )
121    } @symbols,
122 );
123
124 #############################
125 sub sum_up {
126 #############################
127  my ($all, $dt, $parts) = @_;
128
129  my $sum = 0;
130
131  for my $tick (keys %$all) {
132   my $q = 1;
133   $q = $cq->quote($dt, $tick)
134     if $tick ne 'cash';
135   my $add =
136     $all->{$tick} * $q;
137   $parts->{$tick} = $add;
138   $sum += $add;
139
140   DEBUG "Add: ",
141   "$all->{$tick} $tick $add";
142  }
143  return $sum;
144 }
145
146 #############################
147 sub pos_add {
148 #############################
149  my ($all, $pos) = @_;
150
151  my ($dt, $act, $tick, $n) =
152    @{$pos};
153  die "pos: @$pos"
154    if !defined $n;
155  DEBUG
156    "Action: $act $n $tick";
157
158  my $q = 1;
159  $q = $cq->quote($dt, $tick)
160    if $tick ne 'cash';
161  my $val = $n * $q;
162
163  if ($tick eq "cash") {
164   $all->{cash} += $val
165     if $act eq "in";
166   $all->{cash} -= $val
167     if $act eq "out";
168   $all->{cash} = $val
169     if $act eq "chk";
170  } else {
171   if ($act eq "in") {
172    $all->{$tick} += $n;
173    $all->{cash} -= $val;
174   } elsif ($act eq "out") {
175    $all->{$tick} -= $n;
176    $all->{cash} += $val;
177   } elsif ($act eq "find") {
178    $all->{$tick} += $n;
179   }
180   DEBUG "After: ",
181         "$tick: $all->{$tick}";
182  }
183
184  $all->{cash} ||= 0;
185  DEBUG "After: ",
186        "Cash: $all->{cash}";
187 }
188
189 #############################
190 sub cfg_read {
191 #############################
192  my ($cfgfile, $symbols) =
193    @_;
194
195  my %by_date = ();
196
197  open FILE, "<$cfgfile"
198    or die
199  "Cannot open $cfgfile ($!)";
200
201  while (<FILE>) {
202   chomp;
203   s/#.*//;
204   my @fields = split ' ', $_;
205       # empty line
206   next unless @fields;
207
208   my $dt =
209     dt_parse($fields[0]);
210   $fields[0] = $dt;
211
212   push @$symbols, $fields[2]
213     unless
214     grep { $_ eq $fields[2] }
215     @$symbols;
216
217   push @{ $by_date{$dt} },
218     [@fields];
219  }
220
221  close FILE;
222  return \%by_date;
223 }
224
225 #############################
226 sub dt_parse {
227 #############################
228  my ($string) = @_;
229
230  my $fmt =
231    DateTime::Format::Strptime
232    ->new(
233   pattern => "%Y-%m-%d");
234  return $fmt->parse_datetime(
235   $string);
236 }

Daily Rates

For each day in the graph, pofo ascertains the individual stocks in the portfolio, retrieves the daily prices, and multiplies them by the number of shares. The RRDtool (Round Robin Database tool) [1], which is designed to visualize network traffic and computer load, stores the daily data and then pours it into an easily readable area graph. It assigns colors to the various stocks/securities from a predefined palette, and draws a legend at the bottom of the graph to explain the assignments.

Historic share prices for all known shares are available online; however, the script would be unbelievably slow if it were to retrieve the figures for each day you ask it to display. Instead, the script uses the CachedQuote module from Listing 1, so the first time you request the price for a share, it retrieves all the prices in a time window starting one year in the past and reaching up to the current day. All values, whether it needs them or not, are stored locally in an SQLite database for subsequent use.

Listing 1

CachedQuote.pm

001 #############################
002 package CachedQuote;
003 # Cache stock closing prices
004 # Mike Schilli, 2008
005 # (m@perlmeister.com)
006 #############################
007 use strict;
008 use warnings;
009 use Cache::Historical;
010 use Log::Log4perl qw(:easy);
011 use
012   Finance::QuoteHist::Yahoo;
013
014 #############################
015 sub new {
016 #############################
017  my ($class, %options) = @_;
018
019  my $self = {
020   file =>
021     "/tmp/cached-quote.dat",
022   %options,
023  };
024
025  $self->{cache} =
026    Cache::Historical->new(
027   sqlite_file =>
028     $self->{file});
029
030  bless $self, $class;
031 }
032
033 #############################
034 sub quote {
035 #############################
036  my ($self, $date, $key) =
037    @_;
038
039  my $quote =
040    $self->{cache}
041    ->get($date, $key);
042
043  return $quote
044    if defined $quote;
045  $self->quote_refresh($date,
046   $key);
047
048  return $self->{cache}
049    ->get_interpolated($date,
050   $key);
051 }
052
053 #############################
054 sub quote_refresh {
055 #############################
056  my ($self, $date, $symbol) =
057    @_;
058
059  my ($from, $to) =
060    $self->{cache}
061    ->time_range($symbol);
062
063  my $upd =
064    $self->{cache}
065    ->since_last_update(
066   $symbol);
067
068  # Date available, no refresh
069  if ( defined $to
070   and defined $from
071   and $date <= $to
072   and $date >= $from)
073  {
074   DEBUG
075    "Date within, no refresh";
076   return 1;
077  }
078
079  if ( defined $date
080   and defined $to
081   and defined $upd
082   and $date > $to
083   and $upd->delta_days < 1) {
084   DEBUG "Date ($date) above",
085   " cached range $from-$to",
086   " but cache up-to-date.";
087   return 1;
088  }
089
090  my $start =
091    $date->clone->subtract(
092   years => 1);
093  if ( defined $start
094   and defined $from
095   and $start > $from
096   and $to > $start)
097  {
098
099 # no need to refresh old data
100   $start = $to;
101  }
102
103  $self->quotes_fetch($start,
104   DateTime->today(),
105   $symbol);
106 }
107
108 #############################
109 sub quotes_fetch {
110 #############################
111  my ($self, $start,
112      $end,  $symbol) = @_;
113
114  DEBUG "Refreshing $symbol ",
115    "($start - $end)";
116
117  my $q =
118    Finance::QuoteHist::Yahoo
119    ->new(
120   symbols    => [$symbol],
121   start_date =>
122     date_format($start),
123   end_date =>
124     date_format($end),
125    );
126
127  foreach
128    my $row ($q->quotes()) {
129   my ($symbol, $date, $open,
130    $high, $low, $close,
131    $volume) = @$row;
132
133   $self->{cache}
134     ->set(dt_parse($date),
135    $symbol, $close);
136  }
137 }
138
139 #############################
140 sub date_format {
141 #############################
142  my ($dt) = @_;
143  return $dt->strftime(
144   "%m/%d/%Y");
145 }
146
147 #############################
148 sub dt_parse {
149 #############################
150  my ($string) = @_;
151  my $fmt =
152    DateTime::Format::Strptime
153    ->new(
154   pattern => "%Y/%m/%d");
155  $fmt->parse_datetime(
156   $string);
157 }
158
159 1;

Speed Boost

When the client requests the next daily share price, CachedQuote simply reads the value from its database repository instead of loading the values over the network. The client does not notice anything, apart from a far faster response to subsequent requests.

If a customer queries a share price on a Sunday, CachedQuote notices that there is no share price for the day in question because stock exchanges do not work on weekends and public holidays. In this case, CachedQuote is intelligent enough to return the last available price instead of a black hole.

Share Price

The CachedQuote.pm module uses the Finance::QuoteHist::Yahoo CPAN module to retrieve the share price data off the web (Listing 1, lines 12, 109-137). The cache retrieves the closing price, which it stores in the $close variable. On receiving a web request, the Yahoo server can return the share price data for a single share for many years. CachedQuote.pm leverages this and sends a request to the server, requesting the data for one year prior to the requested time up to the current day (line 103). If the data is available in the cache, the module does not issue a new request (line 43).

CachedQuote.pm uses the Cache::Historical CPAN module to store and retrieve the share price data. The module has a convenient interface for setting date-based values, set(date, key, value). To retrieve stored values it offers the get(date, key) and get_interpolated(date, key) methods. The key parameter works like the key in a hash. If a share price is missing for a specific day, get_interpolated() retrieves the last available price prior to the given date while get will return the data on a specific date or undef if no data exists for that date.

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