In spring 2011, Gnome 3.0 launched with a new design approach that threw many well-known features overboard and caused bitter opposition. As a concession to long-time fans of the classic desktop, the developers ported its basic components to GTK 3, provided them as an alternative to Gnome Shell, and called it "fallback mode."

Just two years later, in Gnome 3.8, the project replaced fallback mode with "Classic Mode," which comes as a customized Gnome Shell requiring 3D-capable hardware. The modular structure of session management, the notification system, the window manager, and an application level were thus officially laid to rest.

Little impressed by the regular Gnome and its new workflow, a small team led by Latvian developer Alberts Muktupavels soon convened to keep the previous Gnome alive as Gnome Flashback [1]. However, neither users nor developers took notice of it, so the legend was substantially restricted to bug fixes.

Nevertheless, Gnome Flashback is still worth a look, if only because the popular MATE project [2] takes a similar approach, but from a different starting position (see the "Parallel Worlds" box). If you struggle with the appearance and behavior of the Gnome desktop, the classic features of fallback mode offer an alternative in a familiar style.

Test Run

To test Gnome Flashback, I used Fedora 25 and Xubuntu 16.10 (see the box titled "Availability"). After installation, logging out and logging back in again, just select the GNOME Flashback from the list of display managers. After a minute of silence while the system finds the settings for the first setup, the classic desktop with panels at the top and bottom, as well as some preconfigured applets (Figure 1), appears.

Figure 1: In our lab, I deployed Gnome Flashback on Xubuntu 16.10, among other distributions.

Flashback is still encumbered with some of the shortcomings of its ancestor Gnome 3.0: Direct access to the System menu disappeared from the original three-part menu at the top and never returned. Something similar happened to the tooltips in the Application menu and the free placement of (the meagre number of) applets in the panel. Most of the applets from Gnome 2 are available, but that's all.

Adding applets is a somewhat cumbersome process – a simple right-click on the bar would be too easy. You need to hold down the Alt key at least to open the Context menu; on many systems, you have to hold down the Meta (Windows) key, too. The applets (Figure 2) are exclusively old friends from Gnome 2.

Figure 2: The panel applets hold no surprises, being old friends from Gnome 2.

As is typically the case in Gnome, the window title bars in Flashback only have a single button for closing the window, but you do not need to leave things that way: In the GSettings configuration database, you can adjust this setting. With just a little typing in the graphical dconf Editor you can put the missing buttons back (Figure 3).

Figure 3: The dconf Editor helps you to make Flashback a little more compatible with everyday life.

Since version 3.20, GSettings also lets you adapt the window theme under org.gnome.metacity.theme in the dconf Editor. The default value is gtk, which means that Metacity takes the value from the GTK theme.

Alternatively, you can enter the name of a theme stored on your system under /usr/share/themes, ~/.themes, or ~/.local/share/themes. You then just need to reset the slider next to Use defaults to apply the setting.

Window Changer

Unlike Gnome Shell or Cinnamon, which hardwire the window manager to the desktop, the window manager can be relatively easily replaced in Flashback. Flashback comes with an entry for Compiz, which was already very popular in the days of Gnome 2, in the login manager menu. To choose Compiz at login, simply select GNOME Flashback (Compiz).

You can try out the Openbox window manager using the openbox --replace command. This minimalist manager is very friendly on system resources. If you like, you can even add a command in the startup folder. Just create a text file and save the lines

[Desktop Entry]
Exec=openbox --replace
Name=Openbox
NoDisplay=true
Type=Application

in ~/.config/Autostart. From now on, Metacity starts first when you next log in and is then quickly replaced by Openbox.

Openbox did leave a slightly bitter aftertaste, however: Pressing the Alt+F2 keyboard shortcut did not work out of the box, because earlier versions came with a binary that launched a quick-start window without the need to define it on the command line. On Debian- and Ubuntu-based systems, you will still find this practical tool in the gnome-panel-control package, but the developers officially removed Gnome support as of Openbox 3.6.

In this case, you can fall back on alternative tools such as Synapse [6], which you should set up to launch when you press Alt+F2. The corresponding key binding is available in the <keyboard> section of the ~/.config/openbox/rc.xml file.

In contrast, the Compiz Settings Manager still knows what to do with Alt+F2 and requires no modifications: The quick-start window appears in the usual way.

Fresh Fruit

Like Gnome 3, the global application menu from Ubuntu's Unity at the top of the screen splits users into two camps. The menubar, which is heavily reminiscent of Mac OS, pervades all desktops, even Flashback. Thanks to support for the indicator applets, a Flashback version is available for Ubuntu. Simply install the indicator-applet-appmenu package.

To make space in the top panel, you could remove the two-part Gnome menu and replace it with the simple alternative of just one button. After context-clicking on the panel and selecting Indicator Applet Appmenu, you can now add the menubar to the panel. The results are impressive, as Figure 4 shows.

Figure 4: A touch of Mac: The developers attempted to remove an element from the desktop, the global menubar, that was hugely popular with many users.

Although the application name in front of the menu, as known from Mac OS applications, is missing, interaction with the program windows does work initially – as long as you ignore the fact that new Gnome application menus are fairly monosyllabic and that you generally need to use a mouse to control them. This solution is very user friendly, because the menu of the application currently in focus always remains fixed at a central location.

On the downside, access by keyboard revealed a fairly serious bug: Pressing Alt+D failed to expand the File menu from the panel and instead popped up the (nonexistent) line in the program window. This behavior will be especially irritating among power users, who often prefer to work with the keyboard. The strange program behavior unfortunately is not an isolated case; a similar implementation in Cinnamon also exhibits the same symptoms. Whether you accept the menubar in this form or not is an entirely different question.

The second most important feature of the Apple desktop is undoubtedly the dock at the bottom. You can conjure up something pretty similar to the desktop using Plank dock, which might not be bursting with features but perfectly fulfills the objective of creating a launch bar with a built-in window list (Figure 5, bottom).

Figure 5: The Plank dock adds an application dock and launch bar at the bottom of the desktop.

Both visually and in terms of the control concept, Plank is oriented on the role model of the Mac software. You can perpetuate a program called via the Start menu or the command line in the Dock by right-clicking on the icon and selecting the Keep in Dock option. As you mouse over the icons, the software enlarges the icons and a tooltip displays the name. This means that you can keep the icons pleasantly small using the default settings, because Plank is amazingly fast – even on high-resolution wide screens.

Moreover, Plank fades from the desktop when a window near it is opened. You can restore Plank again by moving the mouse to the bottom of the screen. Unfortunately, enlarging icons did not work on the second test system with Fedora 25: The developers removed the wave-shaped animation to avoid a possible patent dispute.