Command Line – Debian Scripts

Over the years, a rich ecosystem of applications has grown around Debian package management. In fact, the available choices are so numerous that some are easy to overlook, especially since some scripts are not in the official repositories of any distribution. Finding compatible scripts can require a lot of searching, often resulting in frustration.

Setting out to maximize download speed, I found several layers of scripts or tools: netselect [1] to find the quickest mirrors for my location, aria2 [2] or Axel [3] to serve as download managers, and apt-fast [4] to make the other scripts' modifications easy to use by placing them in a single command. The procedure can take some time, but, considering that it can increase download speeds by more than 50 percent, the effort seems worthwhile.

Step One: Determine the Fastest Mirrors

In earlier versions of Ubuntu, you could have the fastest mirror selected for you by choosing Settings | Repositories | Download | Other | Best Server. However, this feature has been dropped in the past few years.

Netselect offers a better solution for finding the fastest repositories. Not only does it give you multiple mirrors, which you will want when using download managers, netselect also allows you to consider the factors involved, such as how close a repository is to you, its bandwidth, and its traffic at various times of day. Perhaps no one repository will always be the fastest, but you can check at different times and get an average reading of its speed.

When you research how to find the fastest server, you will find frequent references to netselect-apt. This script is still available and has the advantage of selecting the fastest mirrors for you. However, installing it on a modern Debian-like system results in dependency problems you may not want to deal with. Instead, you should use the newer netselect script. If you are interested in particular mirrors, you can check their address in Debian's list of mirrors [5] or in your distribution's list and enter them in a space-separated list (Figure 1). The output will show the speed of each mirror address in parentheses at the end of its line, and the fastest in the final line, with the lowest score being the fastest. You can also use options to limit the listings and the number of fast mirrors returned. Alternatively, you can get a list of the 10 fastest links (Figure 2) for your circumstances with the code from Listing 1.

sudo netselect -v -s10 -t20 `wget -q -O- https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+archivemirrors | grep -P -B8 "statusUP|statusSIX" | grep -o -P "(f|ht)tp://[^\"]*"`

Figure 1: Use netselect to find the fastest mirrors from an input list.

Figure 2: A netselect list of the top 10 fastest Ubuntu links.

Be warned though, that almost 600 mirrors will be checked using the Debian list alone, and the results will take a few minutes to process. Either way, you will want at least five mirrors for the next steps in this procedure. An alternative method for finding the fastest mirrors is apt-smart [6], which can also manage package sources.

Step 2: Set Up a Download Manager

Adding the fastest mirrors to /etc/apt/sources.list accelerates downloads without any other modification. However, you can increase the download speed even more by adding a download manager such as Axel or aria2. Both are replacements for Wget and available for non-Debian systems, but what is relevant here is that both will attempt to use multiple mirrors to accelerate downloads.

Axel can be configured with options, or, more conveniently, with the fields in /etc/axelrc (Table 1).

Figure 3 shows a sample minimal axelrc file. You may want to add additional fields, depending on your hardware. Running Axel verbosely, the output shows the percentage of the download completed and ends with the connections closing and a download summary (Figure 4).

Figure 3: Configure Axel by creating the /etc/axelrc file.

Figure 4: Axel ends with a summary of its operations.

As an alternative to Axel, you may want to use aria2. In aria2, multiple mirrors are added at the command line or, as shown in Figure 5, in a file specified using the option:

--input-file=FILE (-i=FILE)

Figure 5: In aria2, multiple mirrors can be added to the command-line options.

Naturally, you will want to use the fastest mirrors as determined by netselect (see above). However, unlike Axel, aria2 does not show how each mirror was used. See Table 2 for other useful aria2 options.

Step 3: Set Up apt-fast

Apt-fast offers the ultimate quick download (Figure 6). This script is not in official Debian or Ubuntu repositories, but you can install it using the script:

/bin/bash -c "$(curl -sL https://git.io/vokNn)"

Figure 6: Apt-fast has a download script for installation.

Once apt-fast is installed, edit /etc/apt-fast.conf in a text editor (Figure 7). Options include whether to use apt-get/apt or the Debian/Ubuntu mirrors and to list your fastest mirrors in a space or comma-separated list. For example:

MIRRORS=( 'http://ftp.debian.org/debian, http://ftp2.de.debian.org/debian, http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian,ftp://ftp.uni-kl.de/debian' )

Figure 7: The most efficient way to use apt-fast is with its configuration file.

The same mirrors must also be in your /etc/apt/sources.list. You can also scroll down the file and check whether other fields, such as the number of connections per command, should be edited. Check, too, that Axel or aria2 is installed.

To use apt-fast, the basic command structure is:

apt-fast install PACKAGE

The command starts by listing all the files that will be installed (Figure 8). When all packages are downloaded, download statistics are displayed (Figure 9). The rest of the output then follows standard apt-get output as packages are unpacked and installed. Note that the script is only used for package downloads, and that other apt functions are performed normally.

Figure 8: The start of an apt-fast download.

Figure 9: When packages are downloaded, apt-fast summarizes results.