Data analytics is a major force in the current zeitgeist. Analytics are the eyes and ears on a very wide variety of domains (society, climate, health, etc.) to perform an even wider variety of tasks (such as understanding commercial trends, the spread of COVID-19, and finding exoplanets). In this article, I will discuss some fundamentals of data analytics and show how to get started with analytics in Python. Finally, I will show the whole process at work on a simple data analytics problem.

A Primer on Data Analytics

Data analytics uses tools from statistics and computer science (CS), such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), to extract information from collected data. The collected data is usually very complex and voluminous, and it cannot be interpreted easily (or at all) by humans. Therefore, the data on its own is useless. Information lies hidden within the data, and it takes many forms: repeating patterns, trends, classifications, or even predictive models. You can use this data to uncover insights and build knowledge of the problem you are studying. For example, suppose you wish to measure the traffic in a parking lot that is monitored by a network of IoT sensors covering the whole city. Reading a single occupancy sensor doesn't say anything about the traffic on its own. Neither do the readings of all the parking sensors of the city without any more context. But the timestamped percentage of occupied places within the monitored parking lot does tell us something, and we use this information to derive insights, such as the times of day with maximum traffic.

Learning the mathematical background and analytics tools is only half the journey. Field expertise (experience on the problem that is being studied) is equally important. Some data scientists come from a statistics background, others are computer scientists who pick up the statistics as they go, and many are people starting from a field of expertise who need to learn both the statistics and the computing tools.

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