Linux has several sophisticated applications that give musicians excellent options for recording, editing, and mixing sounds. Numerous autonomous synthesizers and effect devices also are available for generating the corresponding sounds. However for this purpose, many musicians prefer to use software that they can integrate directly into their production environment as a plugin.

One problem that musicians contend with is the five very different formats that plugins for Linux use. Many applications only support two or three of them, and Murphy's Law states that your favorite module is not going to work with your favorite application, because the formats don't match.

Portuguese developer Filipe Coelho (a.k.a. falkTX) has been working on eliminating this issue. His plugin host, called Carla, supports virtually any plugin capable of running on Linux and can be used itself as a plugin in two popular formats, LV2 and VST. A host software of this kind can load plugin modules, display their graphical interfaces, and integrate their processing capabilities into the host environment's data stream.

Since 2009, Coelho has built a reputation with optimizations and extensions in Ubuntu for musicians (see the box "More Tools by Filipe Coelho"). For example, his KXStudio package [1] includes a cleanly implemented, real-time-optimized kernel for Kubuntu. KXStudio also contains a collection of what were originally small configuration tools. By now, it includes full-blown applications that are far more than just minor utilities. Coelho has dubbed one of his more ambitious efforts Carla – and it is no less than a universal toolbox for modular sound generators.

Figure 1: Cadence offers separate features in System and Tweaks – plus six small, but very useful, problem solvers.

Modular Principle

You can load plugins directly in the Carla main window, which looks very much like a typical rack in music electronics. Carla supports all formats available for Linux, including LV2 with the entire current feature set, and both native and Wine-integrated VST modules. The tool behind the rack displays all the audio and MIDI senders and receivers currently active on the system and all connections for the loaded plugins. In Patchbay, you can wire up everything in an intuitive virtual cabling interface.

Carla acts as a modular synthesizer: In other words, musicians can put together complex devices from various modules and save their setups. These can be both complex effects, such as guitar amps, and instruments with their own sound generators that can be played using MIDI keyboards or sequencer programs. If you use a sequencer, you will probably only want to open one program and save one setup, instead of needing to start and configure the synthesizer separately each time you want to generate some sounds.

Some excellent modular synthesizers for Linux existed before Carla, but Carla solves the problem of the pesky additional application: It not only loads all known plugin formats but can also be used as a plugin itself. The settings that you create in the Carla Patchbay plugin of the session can also be used in various DAW programs such as Ardour (Figure 2) or even Bitwig (see the box "Carla – Building Bridges").

Figure 2: Carla's Patchbay running as a plugin in Ardour. Ardour stores the settings of five plugins in the normal way and can even export to a separate file.

In standalone operations, you can save and load your settings in the normal way as a Carla project file with an XML-style text format. However, loading or saving a setup does not work in plugin operation because this kind of activity is the domain of the plugin host. Coelho works around this problem in a very elegant way by allowing the plugin to write parameters and connections to a file by means of an internal export function. This feature was only fully implemented in the Carla version from February 12, 2015. Carla project files can be loaded from the file browser by double-clicking on the current setup on the left in Carla's plugin window (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Complex setups built in Carla's standalone mode, such as a guitar rack here, can be loaded into the Carla plugin in Ardour with a double-click.

Figure 4: Thanks to the VST plugin in Carla Patchbay, LV2 plugins such as Calf Monosynth and Guitarix cooperate with Bitwig Studio.

Figure 5: The Carla discovery tools find DLL plugins, such as MiniMogueVA or Alphatron, in any previously defined directory.

This is not quite the same as completely reloading the application from a file: Double-clicking a project file imports settings from the saved file to the extent possible in the scope of plugin operation. This gives you more or less the same feature set: All the parameter settings of the internal connections between modules are provided by this method at the push of a button. It is only the connections to the outside world (i.e., to the sound card and external programs) that are ignored because the host application protects them. The double-click loading technique also works in standalone mode.

In both scenarios, you should note that double-clicking a project file – in contrast to a conventional file – imports the settings from the project you clicked into the current file. In an existing setup, the steps thus load the new settings on top of the existing ones. That said, you can use the technique to save and load partial setups for special purposes, such as a master section that you repeatedly use, or a guitar amplifier with a tuner.

If you do not want to use the setup on top of what you already have, but as a new set, first press Remove All at top center in the toolbar to clean up before you click on a new project file.

Everything Is Possible

In addition to third-party plugin support, Carla also comes with a number of its own modules, which you will find by applying the Internal filter in the Add Plugin tool. Some of these plugins are simple tools for convenient operation of the plugin host, including simple example players (still experimental) for audio and MIDI data, a bypass module, and the Notes notepad.

Additionally, you'll find the simple Nekobi bass synth, a couple of well-designed effects with attractive graphical interfaces, and, to top it off, a plugin implementation of the powerful classic ZynAddSubFX synthesizer by Paul Nasca (Figure 6). Carla stores the parameters of the ZynAdd plugin internally, as you would expect from any plugin host. You can also load and save instrument presets that you created with the standalone version of ZynAddSubFX or its fork, Yoshimi.

Figure 6: The internal ZynAddSubFX plugin would be reason enough to install Carla. With its extremely intuitive and very versatile interface, you can set up a whole ensemble of synthesizers.

Carla not only supports a versatile range of plugin formats, it also provides amazingly complete support for their features. For example, in LV2 plugins, it shows potential animations for envelope curves and the like. You can open the native graphical interfaces by clicking on the gear wheel symbol in the rack or from the plugin's context menu. In plugin mode, this feature was not always entirely stable in our lab. If you want to be absolutely certain, then you should use the interfaces generated by Carla itself for setting parameters; you can access these by clicking on the wrench icon (Figure 7).

Figure 7: The amSynth synthesizer can be set up just as easily with the Carla interface (left) as with its own GUI (right). In the Carla interface, you can assign MIDI controllers to filter slide controls.

Beyond this, the integrated interfaces offer another essential feature for virtual musical instruments. Next to each controller, you will find a box in which you can enter the number of a control. These controls exist on MIDI keyboards as rotary controls, switches, or slides. You can even connect MIDI apps for cell phones and tablets, assuming they can work with a Linux-capable network connection such as DS MIDI WiFi. Tools such as ALSA midi-dump show the number of the connected device when you move the controls, and you can then enter the number in Carla. From then on, the corresponding software parameter will actuate the control on your hardware instrument.

Although the rack view makes the plugin interfaces accessible, wiring is handled in the Patchbay behind it. You can see from this part of Carla that Coelho is familiar with the day-to-day problems of the Linux audio world: From the user's point of view, there are no differences here between the various approaches used to create audio components for Linux. Audio and MIDI signals can be patched in series and parallel in the Patchbay independent of their sources (Figure 8). See the "Solid Ground and Pitfalls" box for more details.

Figure 8: Two guitar amplifiers and various effects wired up in parallel and in series in Carla's Patchbay. You can adjust the share of the parallel effects in the mix using integrated output controls.

Figure 9: The simple slide controls in Carla's Rack view do not look very spectacular; however, they work reliably in all cases.

Conclusions

Carla supports practically everything capable of generating and processing sound on Linux. In our lab, Carla proved to be absolutely exemplary when it came to stability and totally frugal in its use of system resources. If you work with sound on Linux, Carla is a program you definitely will not want to miss.