In untrustworthy networks, I let OpenVPN tunnel my laptop. There are certainly alternatives, and I would like to present a particularly simple one: sshuttle [1]. As the name suggests, the tool relies on SSH. The tunnel's endpoint is a leased root server, just like with OpenVPN. Sshuttle is very frugal. It only needs SSH access with user privileges on the server; root privileges are not necessary. Additionally, Python must be installed on the server – that's it.

This is because sshuttle loads and executes the required Python code on the server after the SSH connection is established. It also avoids version conflicts between server and client software. The following command is all it takes to set up the tunnel:

sudo sshuttle -r <User>@<Server>:<Port> 0/0

You can leave out the port number if it is the SSH standard port 22. The 0/0 means that Linux should direct all connections into the tunnel. However, this means that I cannot reach other devices in the local network. To keep the local LAN still visible, I define it as an exception using the -x parameter:

sudo sshuttle -r --dns <User>@<Server> 0/0 -x 192.168.2.0/24

--dns is included here. This means that DNS queries also run through the tunnel, which does not happen automatically. This is sshuttle's Achilles heel: It only transports TCP; ICMP and UDP do not pass through the tunnel, apart from DNS.

Congestion Alert

Whereas other VPN technologies work at packet level and rely on TUN/TAP devices, sshuttle works at session level. It assembles the TCP stream locally, multiplexes it over the SSH connection, while keeping the status, and splits it into packets again on the destination side.

This avoids the TCP-over-TCP problem which plagues other tools such as OpenVPN: TCP has an overload control (congestion control). The protocol defines a performance limit on the basis of dropped packets. If you tunnel TCP over TCP, you lose congestion control for the inner connection, which can lead to bizarre error patterns. Sshuttle is immune to the problem.

Verbose parameters can help if you do need to troubleshoot. Figure 1 shows a connection setup with -v. With the verbose option, sshuttle is very long-winded, so I recommend redirecting the output to a file that can be evaluated in peace. My conclusions: Sshuttle is an excellent and simple VPN for people who can do without UDP and ICMP.

Figure 1: Sshuttle builds a VPN for a server. Because of -v, the messages are more extensive than without.